هاشتاغ عن سكاي نيوز
مَثل الأطلس المغربي نموذجا للتعايش والعيش المشترك بين المسلمين واليهود منذ فترات تاريخية بعيدة. ووفق عدد من الباحثين في التاريخ المغربي، فقد اندمج اليهود مع ساكنة الأطلس من الأمازيغ قبل دخول الإسلام إلى البلاد، وعاشوا وتعايشوا جنباً إلى جنب وانخرطوا جميعاً في تأثيث الحياة الاجتماعية ورسم معالم الحياة الاقتصادية والسياسية للبلاد، وهو ما جعلهم يشكلون مكوِّناً رئيسياً من مكوِّنات المجتمع المغربي.
ويختلف المؤرخون بشأن الوجود الأول لليهود في المغرب، فمنهم من يرجع ذلك إلى العهد الروماني، في حين ترى بعض الروايات أنه يعود إلى ما قبل ذلك، حيث يقول بعض المؤرخين أن اليهود الأوائل وصلوا الساحل الجنوبي الغربي للبحر المتوسط منذ عهد الإمبراطورية الرومانية، لكن بعض التقاليد اليهودية تدعي أن استقرار اليهود في المغرب يعود إلى ما قبل ذلك، إلى أزمنة الكتاب المقدس، فيهود الأطلس الصغير يعتقدون أن أجدادهم وصلوا إلى المغرب على سفن الفينيقيين.
الملاّح حيّ التجارة والتلاقح
يقول الدكتور عبد الغني العمراني، الباحث في التاريخ المعاصر، إن « اليهود عاشوا جنباً إلى جنب على قدم المساواة مع مسلمي الأطلس، واندمجوا مع بعضهم البعض وانصهروا وانخرطوا جميعاً كل من موقعه في بناء مغرب حديث ومعاصر، ولم تكن العلاقة بين الجانبين محصورة على تبادل المنافع وحسب، وإنما امتدَّت إلى تقاسم العادات والتقاليد والطقوس والمشاعر والقيم الإنسانية المشتركة، وأسهموا معاً في تنشيط الحركة الاقتصادية داخل الملَّاح وخارجه نظراً لوجود ارتباط اقتصادي عضوي بين الفضاءين اليهودي والإسلامي ».
وتابع العمراني، صاحب كتاب « يهود الأطلس في المصادر البريطانية » الذي صدر حديثا عن دار أبي رقراق بالرباط، أن الملَّاح والمدينة شكَّلا معاً سوقاً للجانبين، بحيث كان المسلمون ينجذبون إلى شراء السلع اليهودية المعروضة داخل الملَّاح، ثم يقومون بإعادة بيعها في باقي أجزاء المدينة، كما أقام المسلمون علاقات تجارية مهمة مع جزارين يهود داخل الملَّاح.
وأكد المتحدث في حوار مع « سكاي نيوز عربية » أن « المسلمين لم يكونوا يأتون إلى الملَّاح بقصد الشراء دائماً وإنما كذلك بغرض عرض بضائعهم وخدماتهم، حيث صارت مشاهدة الحمَّالين المسلمين وبائعي الماء مشهداً مألوفاً في شوارعه وأزقته، وفضلاً عن ذلك، أشرف العديد من المسلمين على ممتلكات عقارية داخل الملَّاح، وصلت في مراكش على سبيل المثال لا الحصر سنة 1890م إلى ما يُقدَّر بــ10 في المئة من مجموع منازل الحيّ اليهودي، وكانت معظم تلك العقارات مستأجرة لليهود ».
نظرة المستشرقين
ينتقد العمراني مواقف وطروحات بعض الاستشراقيين البريطانيين، الذين حكموا على علاقة المسلمين باليهود في المنطقة ببعض المبالغة سواء في المدن الكبرى كفاس ومكناس ومراكش أم في القرى مثل أبزو ودمنات وانتفية وأمزميز وإفران الأطلس الصغير وغيرها..
المتحدث أبرز في معرض حديثه الأحكام المسبقة والانفعالات الذاتية التي صدرت عن الرّحالة والضباط والمستكشفين والكتاب والصحافيين البريطانيين أثناء رصدهم لخصوصيات المجتمع اليهودي في مدن وقرى جبال الأطلس، داعيا إلى مقارعتها بالحجة الدامغة، وواضعا في الاعتبار كل المعلومات في سياقاتها وإطاراتها التاريخية.
وأكد أنه من خلال بحثه الجديد يبرهن على مدى التعايش بين الطرفين، عكس ما تم ترويجه من طرف بعض المؤرخين الأجانب، فبعض الرّحالة البريطانيين خلال حديثهم عن يهود الأطلس، تحدثوا باستعلائية مفرطة، واحتقروا أسلوب عيشهم، ومظهرهم، وحيّيهم المعروف بــ »الملّاح »، غير أن كل هذه الأحكام القاسية لا تخرج في نظر هذا الباحث عن فكرة تبلور نظرية مركزية الغرب المتقدم والشرق الهامش المتخلف إبان القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي، وتأثر بها الإنسان الأوروبي عموماً، على حد قول العمراني.
المغرب محج اليهود
وظل المغرب أرضا للتسامح على مر السنين وإلى اليوم، إذ تتعايش في نسيجه المجتمعي ديانات متعددة استطاعت أن ترسم لها مسارا سلميا تتشابك فيه العلاقات وتتداخل فيه تفاصيل الحياة اليومية، وقد شكل اليهود أحد العناصر الأساسية في المجتمع المغربي في مختلف الحقب التاريخية، سواء في المدن أو في القرى.
وتعتبر مدن الصويرة وتنغير والدار البيضاء ووزان وتارودانت، الوجهات المفضلة للسياح اليهود داخل المغرب، حيث يعود يهود العالم لزيارة ما يمثل بالنسبة لهم « مسقط الرأس »، فضلا عن احتضان مدن مغربية كثيرة لمقابر ومزارات « الأجداد ».
وحسب الباحثين فإن المغرب يضم 36 معبدا، وعددا كبيرا من الأضرحة والمزارات اليهودية.
ومن أبرز المناسبات الدينية التي يحتفل بها اليهود في المغرب، ما يعرف ب »الهيلولة »، أو ليلة « الهيلوليا » ومعناها « سبحوا الله ». وتمتد الاحتفالات بهذا الموسم لأسبوع تحيي فيه الطائفة اليهودية، كل سنة، عاداتها وتقاليدها وتستحضر من خلالها قيم التعايش والتسامح بين الديانات السماوية.
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